Mason, R. J., 'Prehistoric mining in South Africa and Iron Age copper mines in the Dwarsberg, Transvaal', Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, lxXXII (1982), 134–44.
Contain numerous ancient iron and copper mines, and many Iron Age stone-built settlements.
- Mining, metallurgical, mechanical engineers - Design engineers - Lecturers, students, and researchers-Quality control and quality assurance officers-End users of castings, particularly manufac- ... Addendum : Iron Age copper workings in the Dwarsberg ...
SEM/EDX analysis of ores and slag showed that, with the possible exception of the Wonderboom site, copper was probably smelted from Dwarsberg ore at Madikwe, North …
The authors have explored the workplace and house of copper workers of the early Iron Age (twelfth to tenth century BC) in Jordan's Wadi Faynan copper ore district, showing that it belongs in time between the collapse of the great Bronze Age states and the arrival of Egyptians in the area under Sheshonq I. They attribute this production …
The occurrences of copper mineralization that the ancient workings have exploited occur in dolomite of the upper Malmani Subgroup (Transvaal Sequence) in the north-western …
The impact of Iron Age copper mining on vegetation: palaecological evidence from Campolungo, Bienno, Lombard Alps, Northern Italy (2003)
This paper explores these these developments in copper supply during the later Bronze Age, with reference discovery of a mine from that period in south-west Ireland.
copper at Iron Age Madikwe The ore was not smelted near the mines for fear of offending the spirits. Instead it was carried a considerable distance to the Mike Grant* and T.N. …
SEM/EDX analysis of ores and slag showed that, with the possible exception of the Wonderboom site, copper was probably smelted from Dwarsberg ore at Madikwe, North West province, in the mid-seventeenth century, either with high iron content or with lower iron content plus an added iron oxide flux. Our analytical technique was adequate …
The paper discusses the claim that the remains of mines in Southern Africa date from ancient times, rather than from a more modern period. The evidence indicates that these mines were excavated by Iron Age Black people, who moved into South ...
Mining in southern Africa has a long pre-colonial history. Haematite mining in Swaziland can be traced back more than 40,000 years, iron smelting dates from 400 AD or earlier, and copper from 900 AD.…
After the era of intensive copper production during the Late Bronze Age (20th-13th c. BCE) and archaeological obscurity during the Final Bronze Age (13th-8th c. BCE), copper production in the Urals flourishes again during the Early Iron Age (7th-3rd c. BCE). In this time, the rise in technological activity occurs in the middle Trans-Urals and …
The copper mines in the Okiep district of Namaqualand are steeped in the history of South African mining and geology. The most famous mineral specimen-producing copper mine in the district was the ...
ing whether the ore came from the nearby Dwarsberg mines. Due to limitations inherent with SEM/EDX (see Analytical ... copper at Iron Age Madikwe Mike Grant and T.N. Huffman
Contain numerous ancient iron and copper mines, and many Iron Age stone-built settlements.
From the southern Levant to southeast Arabia, new technologies and social networks shaped metal production and trade in a variety of important ways. In this paper, we review the development of copper metallurgy in Early Iron Age Oman ca. 1300–800 BCE and compare it with development in the southern Levant. Settlement intensification, …
Copper has been mined in the Timna Valley since the 5th millennium B.C.E. Recent excavations reveal that the height of activity in the region dates to the 10th century B.C.E. and thus domination of this …
Prehistoric mining in South Africa, and Iron Age copper mines in the Dwarsberg, Transvaal. by R.J. MASON*, Ph.D., B. SYNOPSIS. The paper discusses the claim …
Uncovered in 1987 during a scheme to landscape an area of the Great Orme, the copper mines discovered represent one of the most astounding archaeological discoveries of recent times. Dating back 4,000 years to …
The oldest Iron Age pottery found in the Madikwe Reserve is from the Eiland phase of Kalundu dating back to between 900 AD and 1300 AD: One such site is in the Dwarsberg on the eastern side of the Reserve. A …
In Southern Africa, gold and copper mining (and occasionally iron mining) is as sociated with dolly holes (grooves typically made on granitic surfaces for processing met al and ores) (Huffman 1974
Earlier reports on Iron Age copper metallurgy and copper-smelting techniques in the Transvaal are surveyed, and a description and tentative classification of the copper furnaces are given. The analyses of furnace slags and sherds of glazed crucibles from archaeological sites of the Transvaal and the neighbouring Orange Free State pro.
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Reconstructing the geological provenance and long-distance movement of rectangular, fishtail, and croisette copper ingots in Iron Age Zambia and Zimbabwe
During the Early Iron Age (EIA), metallurgy is generally thought to have been limited to the exploitation of iron and copper ore for the manufacturing of utilitarian and decorative objects [4,6,35].
The Great Orme Bronze Age copper mine in Wales is one of Europe's largest, although its size has been attributed to a small-scale, seasonal labour force working for nearly a millennium. Here, the authors report the results of interdisciplinary research that provides evidence that Great Orme was the focus of Britain's first mining boom, c. …
The Iron mine is a technology structure that grants the Kingdom access to iron. A completed iron mine will grant access to various iron age buildings and upgrades, a development that is critical to beating the game. Neither the iron mine nor the pine camp need to be forested to be upgraded or function. In the campaign it's located on the fourth …
Economic and industrial progress frequently comes at the expense of environmental sustainability. For the early Iron Age (~ eleventh to ninth centuries BCE) smelters of the ancient copper industry ...
In a survey of western Transvaal Iron Age settlements between the Lichtenburg Plain, the Pilanesberg and the Marico River, J.D. Seddon discerned a pattern showing a …
This paper is a review of the course of research during the past decade into the history of indigenous metal working in sub-Saharan Africa. It comprises three sections: a summary of the chronology of early metallurgy and the spread of metal working; a description of African metal working in terms of mining, smelting and smithing, with …
Development of iron metallurgy and technology. Studies on definite areas: Iran, Central Andes, Mediterranean, Europe, Western Iran, Africa, Southeast Asia. Comparison with lead and copper development.
History of Europe - Bronze Age, Iron Age, Migration Periods: The period of the 3rd, the 2nd, and the 1st millennia bce was a time of drastic change in Europe. This has traditionally been defined as the Metal Ages, which may be further divided into stages, of approximate dates as shown: the Bronze Age (2300–700 bce) and the Iron Age (700–1 bce), which …
The SAIMM is a professional institute with local and international links aimed at assisting members source information about technological developments in the mining, metallurgical and related sectors.
The Iron Age was a period in human history that started between 1200 B.C. and 600 B.C. During the Iron Age, people across much of Europe, Asia and parts of Africa began making tools and weapons ...
The evidence indicates that these mines were excavated by Iron Age Black people, who moved into South Africa from about A.D. 100 onwards. Details are given of the finds …
Descriptions of Iron Age copper- and tin-mining complexes, and of iron-ore workings, are given, and techniquesof Iron Age mining are discussed. The evidence of gold mining in Iron Age Transvaal is examined.
